Reactive Attachment Disorder - 1502 Words

Reactive Attachment Disorder What are the consequences when children are not given the love, a sense of safety, and care they need? While some of the behaviors of Reactive Attachment Disorder has been noted as far back as the mid-20th century (Fox and Zeanah 32), and was not even introduced as a disorder until 1980 in the 3rd edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Gleason and Zeanah 207). Children have been exhibiting the symptoms of Reactive Attachment Disorder long before scientist started documenting it. During the early years, not much was known about Reactive Attachment Disorder, although scientist have learned much about this disorder since. Unfortunately, it is a common misconception that only adopted children have this disorder. The thought is that children taken from their parental units by state officials or from orphanages, mostly from overseas, at a young age and placed into new homes caused this problem, but this has since been found to be untrue. Children that do not receive the nurturing love, the feeling of safety, and are abused in many different ways will have this disorder. The life of a child diagnosed with Reactive Attachment Disorder can be extremely difficult due to the characteristic angry outbursts, the habitual telling of untruths, and recurrent stealing which can cause the people around them have a difficult time making a connection with them. In the past many people felt children with Reactive Attachment DisorderShow MoreRelatedReactive Attachment Disorder1797 Words   |  8 Pages Reactive Attachment Disorder is a common infancy/early childhood disorder. Reactive attachment disorder is located under the trauma- and stressors-related disorder section of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), Fifth Edition. It is normally diagnosed when an infant or child experience expresses a minimal attachment to a figure for nurturance, comfort, support, and protection. Although children diagnosed with reactive attachment disorder have the ability to selectRead MoreReactive Attachment Disorder ( Rad ) Essay1351 Words   |  6 PagesReactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) was first introduced just over 20 years ago, with the publication of DSM-III (American Psychiatric Association, 1980). In the DSM-IV. The disorder is defined by aberrant social behavior that appears in early childhood and is evident cross contextually(1994). The disorder describes aberrant social behaviors in young children that are believed to derive from being reared in caregiving environments lacking species-typical nurturance and stimulation, such as in instancesRead MoreReactive Attachment Disorder Of Children1512 Words   |  7 PagesReactive Attachment Disorder in Children Introduction to the Diagnosis According to Bowlby, the founder of attachment theory, a dependable, safe, and caring relationship with a primary caregiver is vital to an infant’s psychological health (Bowlby, 1951). In particular, children lacking a secure attachment with their primary caregivers are at risk of developing emotional and behavioral issues (Blakely Dziadosz, 2015). Unfortunately, the human bonds normally formed in infancy are fractured in neglectedRead MoreReactive Attachment Disorder ( Rad ) Treatment1246 Words   |  5 PagesReactive attachment disorder (RAD) Treatment There are many treatments for RAD: inner child work, cognitive restructuring, insight oriented therapy, holding therapy, re-parenting, cognitive behavioral therapy, and theraplay to name a few. Nevertheless, some of them have proven to be more effective than others, while some are highly controversial such as holding therapy which consist of obligating the disordered child to hugged or force them to receive tokens of affection against their will. Re-parentingRead MoreCase Study : Transference, Reactive Attachment Disorder1236 Words   |  5 PagesCase Study: Transference The flowing case study of a female, Mallory, suffering from transference, reactive attachment disorder, and depressive disorder due to reactive attachment disorder believed to be caused by incidents that occurred between her and an important individual in her life. Mallory initially comes to see Dr. Santos for what she descried as mild depressive symptoms. Patient/Client Mallory is a 25-year-old female. She said before coming that she is dissatisfied with multiple aspectsRead MoreReactive Attachment Disorder And The Age Of Five And Affects How A Child1815 Words   |  8 PagesReactive attachment disorder manifests before the age of five and affects how a child is able to attach to their guardians, teachers, friends, authority figures, and any other person in their lives. There are two recognized types of reactive attachment disorder. The inhibited type and the disinhibited type (Rhodes, 2016). The inhibited type is â€Å"emotionally withdrawn† (Roberds Davis, 2011). They do not initiate social relations or respond developmentally appropriately. The disinhibited type couldRead MoreA Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Foster Care And Institutional Care For Children With Signs Of Reactive Attachment Disorder884 Words   |  4 Pages(CCAI, 2012). Can these children developmental need be meet in institutions and enable children to make sucker attachments? The American Journal of Psychiatry’s article â€Å"A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Foster Care and Institutional Care for Children With Signs of Reactive Attachment Disorder† examines signs of emotionally withdrawn and indiscriminately social reactive attachment disorder in three groups of young Romanian children that were abandoned by their parents. The placement of childrenRead MoreReactive Attachment Disorder4031 Words   |  17 PagesA Research on Reactive Attachment Disorder of Early Childhood Yolanda Ashton Liberty University Abstract This paper explores the psychological disorder known as Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD). It will investigate how a child diagnosed with RAD will have an inefficient connection with his or her caregiver during an early age. RAD is considered a serious disorder which affects infant and young children who have difficultiesRead MoreAn Overview Of Reactive Attachment Disorder1306 Words   |  6 PagesExtensive Overview of Reactive Attachment Disorder Reactive attachment disorder, also known as RAD, is characteristic of children who have developmentally inappropriate attachment behaviors. As mentioned in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (2013), â€Å"The essential feature (of reactive attachment disorder) is absent or grossly underdeveloped attachment between the child and putative caregiving adults† (p. 266). This underdeveloped attachment is in response to a childRead MoreReactive Attachment Disorder ( Ptsd )1717 Words   |  7 PagesReactive Attachment Disorder 1. Introduction Reactive Attachment Disorder is classified under Trauma- and Stressor- Related Disorders under the new Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The following mental disorders are also classified under Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Acute Stress Disorder, Adjustment Disorders, Other Specified Trauma-

Nutritional and Fitness Paper Free Essays

My sthrongest dimensions after taking the self-test are intellectual health, social health and environmental health. I think that I am sthrongest in intellectual health because I don’t make rash decisions in my life without thinking about the consequences. When I was younger I seemed to get myself in trouble a few times and at one point it got so bad that I had to really look at myself and question the decisions that I was making. We will write a custom essay sample on Nutritional and Fitness Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now I learned from the mistakes that I made in my teen years and have helped me a lot when making decisions in work and with friends. In social health I scored sthrongest in this category I feel because I am able to listen to others problems without making it about myself. If a friend comes to me with a problem, I tend to listen to them more than give my own opinion or feedback unless I am asked. I always try to give people the benefit of doubt and don’t judge them when I first meet them. Social health also includes relationships with family and friend, I come from a close knit family and have a good relationship with my immediate family and can’t see myself not ever talking to any of them. My friendship also have the stayed the same tthroughout the years, I have the same friends I have had since high school and college. In environmental health I believe was one of many sthrongest because over the years I have become aware of global warming and the affect that is being done to our planet and resources. When I am brushing my teeth, I turn of the faucet until I need the water again; I also use energy saving light bulbs all around my house to save electricity. I have been recycling bottles, cans and paper and have even gotten some of my family members to do the same. I know that I can do more in regards to getting out there and spread the word little by little. The way that I can become sthronger in physical health is by exercising more, whether it be taking the stairs instead of the elevator or going for a walk around the block. I could also try to improve my physical health by eating healthier meals during the day and cutting out junk food and instead eat more vegetables and fruits. I can also try and improve my sleeping patterns and get more sleep during the night. The way that I can change my emotional health is by understanding me more, for example, if I am feeling mad or aggravated at some one, I can take time and compose myself and approach the situation differently. The way that I can change my spiritual health is by getting more involved in the community and do more charitable events. I have to involve myself more in nature, for example, if I go to the park I can sit on a bench and listen to the birds chirping, the wind blowing and connect with Mother Nature. Some personal choices that I can make to improve my health are; exercising, eating healthy and quit smoking. I have started to get back in the routine of exercising for at least an hour a day, I will be using the shaping technique so that I won’t overwhelm myself and quit within the first couple of days. In eating healthy I can learn to cut out junk and greasy food, it’s important that I learn this because I have a daughter myself and I don’t want her to suffer from any health issues, such as diabetes or child obesity. I have to make these choices so that I can be a good example to my daughter and she will be able to make better choices. A behavior change technique that could help me I shaping, which is when â€Å"to reach a goal, you may need to take several individual steps, each designed to change one small piece of a larger behavior† (Donatelle, 2010). This technique would help me in exercising, for example, I can begin to walk for 30 minutes a day and after my body becomes accustomed to the exercise I will add more minutes to it until I have become used to working out. Another behavior change is called visualization, which mearns â€Å"mentally practice can transform healthy behavior into healthy ones† (Donatelle, 2010). This technique could help also in my exercise, for example, if I am going up a hill I can mentally tell myself â€Å"you can do this†. This will prepare my mind so that my body will go. Another technquie I called modeling which mearns â€Å"learning behaviors by watching other perform them† (Donatelle, 2010). This would be helpful in exercising because I will have someone else who can go to the gym with me and be motivated by them just being there. Controlling the situation would mean â€Å"the right setting or the right group of people will positively influence your behavior† (Donatelle, 2010). How to cite Nutritional and Fitness Paper, Papers

Foot And Mouth Essay Research Paper Foot free essay sample

Foot And Mouth Essay, Research Paper Foot and oral cavity disease ( FMD ) is a terrible, extremely catching viral disease of cowss, sheep, and swine. It besides will impact caprine animals, cervid, and other cloven-footed animate beings. This disease is characterized by febrility and blister-like lesions on the lingua and lips in the oral cavity, on the bags, and between the claws. Many affected animate beings normally recover, but the disease leaves them debilitated. It causes terrible losingss in the production of milk and meat. This disease spreads widely and quickly and it carries with it grave economic and physical effects. Because of these grounds, many farm animal proprietors dread this disease. This disease is caused by a virus. This virus has the ability to stay feasible in carcases, in carnal byproducts, in H2O, in such stuffs as straw and bedclothes and even in the unfastened grazing lands. There are seven different types and many subtypes of FMD virus. The carnal s can go infected by one or more than one virus types at the same type. Recovered animate beings can endure perennial onslaughts of the disease because unsusceptibility to one type does non protect against other types. FMD is spread by animate beings, people, and stuffs that bring the virus into physical contact with susceptible animate beings. Some of the +causes of an eruption are: V Peoples wear contaminated apparels of footwear or usage contaminated equipment V Contaminated animate beings are introduced to susceptible herds V Contaminated installations are used to keep susceptible animate beings V Contaminated vehicles are used to transport animate beings 5 Raw or improperly cooked refuse incorporating septic meat or animate beings merchandises is fed to animate beings V Animals are exposed to countries that may hold been contaminated with the virus V Animals drink contaminated H2O V Cow is inseminated by seeds from an septic bull There has been no documented instance of human going infected with the disease ; nevertheless, they can transport it on inheritor apparels and hair, even in their lungs and anterior nariss, the virus, which kills cloven-footed animate beings such as cowss, cervid, hogs, and sheep. Symptoms of the FMD virus are cyst or blisters on the oral cavity or on the feel and ensuing driveling or limping are the best-known mark or the disease. Often the blisters are non seen until they rupture. Some of the other marks that is important for this disease that have been noticed during eruptions: 5 Temperature rises and falls in approximately 48 hours 5 Rupture of cysts discharge either clear or nebulose fluid and go forth natural, eroded countries environing by ragged fragments of loose tissue V Sticky, foamy, wiry spit is produced 5 Consumption of provender is reduced because of painful lingua and oral cavity lesions V Lameness with reluctance to travel is frequently ascertained V Abortions frequently occur V Milk flow of septic cow beads suddenly 5 Conception rates may be low Meat animate beings do non usually recover lost weight for many months. Cured cattles rarely produce milk at their former rates. It can take to myocarditis and decease most frequently in newborn animate beings. Foot and oral cavity disease are normally acquire confused with several similar but less harmful domestic. Some of these are vesicular stomatitis, bluetongue, bovid viral diarrhoea, and pes putrefaction in cowss and vesicular skin eruption of swine and swine vesicular disease in hogs. Laboratory trial are used to find whether the disease doing them is FMD. This disease is widespread. FMD is one of the most hard to incorporate because it occurs in assorted parts of the universe. Animals and carnal byproducts from countries known to be infected are prohibited entry into the state. Animals in this state are really susceptibility to FMD because animate beings in this country had non developed unsusceptibility to it. The last reported eruption of foot-and-mouth disease was in 1981 in England. The most important outbreak prior to this 1 was in 1967 when 400,000 animate beings were slaughtered and the disease took six months to acquire under control. It has occurred once more after 20 old ages due to the Type O virus of foot-and-mouth, which surfaced in 60 states in 1999. South America, South Africa and Asia all had eruptions and through trade with these states, the septic meat has been distributed worldwide. Once the disease is present, it spreads really rapidly within 100 stat mis of the infection other instances can happen ( Brown 2 ) . Slaughter is the best method of commanding the disease. Foot-and-mouth disease can last in the respiratory piece of land of septic animate beings and is easy transmitted to other farm animal. If the disease is allowed to stay in the farm animal, higher Numberss will go increased and rise the opportunities of a rhythm of re-infection. Animals that are infected are no longer productive farm animate beings as some may be feeble, milk and meat outputs falls and construct rates fall as the addition of abortion is observed. It is hard to to the full find the effects of the slaughtering as new instances are still being reported. Surveies are uncovering that the motion of these animate beings was much broader than expected, hence infecting more animate beings that before anticipated. These animate beings were by and large moved by the husbandmans in attempts to conserve their land. Animals are being killed to forestall the disease from distributing and for economic grounds. The virus is deadly and is really capable of infecting all the animate beings that have hoofs. Though the figure of farm animal being killed is really high it is little in contrast to the sum of animate beings in the universe that would finally go septic. The extinction of these cloven-hoof animate beings is a really existent possibility if the disease was non to be contained. From an economic point of view, trade go arounding around the animate beings for genteelness, wool and meat would discontinue to be. The sum of animate beings slaughtered has varied from state to state. From February 19 to April 19 about 1.2 million animate beings have been destroyed in Great Britain entirely. Many different instances have been reported in other states as good 1,400 in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Through April 20, 2001 France reported 2 instances, in Holland, 25 instances were reported and in Ireland 3 confirmed instances. The foot-and-mouth disease was confirmed to be present in Holland on March 21, 2001 and in Ireland on March 22, 2001. Though the slaughter is an effectual method to incorporate the disease as the carcases are subsequently burned, many people are protesting. Some do non see the point in killing the animate beings of clean farms adjacent to outbreaks. In Gloucestershine, England more than 100 protestors barricaded entry to a farm containing animate beings that have non yet contracted the disease ( Leeman 1-2 ) . Foot-and-mouth disease has had many effects on the day-to-day lives and activities of the citizens populating in the affected states and those were the disease has non become widespread. The Fairmount Park Commission and the Philadelphia School District cancelled a sheep shearing event the yearly occurs in the metropolis. This event usually draws 2,000 to 4,000 people and their $ 1 admittances helps pay for care for farms in the encompassing country. This twelvemonth, people can no longer merely demo up. Alternatively they are forced to schedule an assignment and verify that they have non late traveled to an septic state. Other events affecting farm animal are being cancelled every bit good. In Rochester Minnesota, an one-year farm breakfast was cancelled. The public breakfast was cancelled in hopes of protecting the animate beings in the country from the disease because the event has been known to pull international visitants in add-on to those populating nearby ( AP 1 ) . In Austin Texas, a newspaper article studies that Equus caballus larcenies in the southwest part of the U.S. are on the rise. These stolen Equus caballuss are sold to a abattoir for processing. Rob Hosford of the Texas and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association says that it takes less than a hebdomad for a Equus caballus slaughtered in Texas to demo up on a bill of fare in Paris. Some stealers are so efficient that the carcase has left the state by the clip the proprietor has reported the Equus caballus stolen ( Garcia 1 ) . The monetary value on Equus caballus meat has more than doubled as a consequence of the spread of foot-and-mouth overseas. Besides people who have late traveled from overseas are unable to travel to the menagerie until 48 hours after their return. Zoo functionaries fear that the disease would be given to the animate beings populating within the menagerie and the mode it would distribute among other farm animal. As a preventive step, these travellers should avoid all contact with animate beings. The fright of foot-and-mouth spreading to the United States is still really great. David Huxsoll, manager of USDA s lab at Plum Island, N.Y. gives the U.S. imposts functionaries recognition in their effectivity of maintaining the disease out of the U.S. therefore far. He attributes the success to their diligence and besides in portion to luck ( Naedele 2 ) . The National Farmer s Union is naming for a tighter control of imported meat every bit good. They are coercing stricter cheques at ports for airdromes and boundary lines, utilizing Canis familiariss to inspect the meat and are posting marks admonishing travellers about the dangers of conveying nutrient merchandises back into the state. Within the septic countries increased steps are being performed. Intensified slaughter is happening in documented hot musca volitanss. All sheep, caprine animals and hogs within a 3km radius of known eruptions are automatically slaughtered. Cattles are non included in this 3km radius because they display obvious symptoms, doing sensing simple. A 21-day sheep motion is employed to restrict the criss-crossing of animate beings across the state. The current policy is under changeless reappraisal ( NFU 4-5 ) . Some of the animate beings that are being killed for preventive steps may look to be healthy. Sheep may incorporate the disease for months, but appear to be a diagnostic. Hogs have a higher hazard of being infected ; hence, they have a higher hazard of conveying the disease. The method of bar is to foretell where the disease will hit following and to butcher the animate beings before they infect the whole farm. British meat is still safe to purchase. The British Farm Standard is the logo to look out for when sing purchasing British meat. The logo is from an independent company who sets their ain criterions. Livestock husbandmans can get down reconstructing their farms merely after many months of strict disinfections. The full farm and the edifices must be disinfected for months. Northern Ireland will keep a mass slaughtering after a 2nd instance of pes and oral cavity disease broke out. Hogs, sheep, and cattles within a two-mile radius of Cookstown in County Tyrone will be killed. Soldiers went through the countryside butchering animate beings to forestall any farther spread of the disease. Unfortunately, new instances of the disease were reported near the boundary line and the seashore. A complete set on the motion of farm animal will be put into consequence. Northern Ireland canceled their one-year parade because of the concerns of this disease. Other big assemblages have been canceled because of the fright of distributing this disease to other parts of the state. Butchering have already began throughout the state. American and Nipponese tourers have canceled trips to Europe because of the concerns of the legion eruptions of this disease. Cancellations due to pick and talk disease could do the British travel industry $ 3.6 billion. Brian Stack, frailty president of the U.S. Tour Operators Association, said Americans are worried about catching pes and oral cavity disease, which is merely a danger to cloven-footed animate beings. ( Pearson 2 ) About 20 % of the 600,000 Nipponese that travel to Europe each twelvemonth are expected to call off their programs. Stack besides estimates that 100,000 Americans will call off trips every bit good. The authorities of Great Britain announced that it has lifted the limitations placed on two states. Professor David King said that the epidemic was to the full under control. On the contrary, veterinaries are still corroborating over two-dozen instances reported day-to-day. In Northamptonshire, animate beings are slaughtered at the septic countries. All the other animate beings will be inspected on a regularly footing for three hebdomads. Afterwards, sheep and caprine animals will be given blood trials. If all of the trials are negative for the disease, the limitation will be removed within 30 yearss of the slaughtering of the septic animate beings. In Cumbria the epidemic was worsening, but Devon and the Welsh boundary lines were still under high concerns because many people didn t understand the manner the disease was distributing. They believe that the key to halting the spread is to butcher the septic animate beings and their adjacent farms. Advancement is being made to reopen the attractive forces across the state. Property proprietors are reopening their belongingss to people. The Institute of Directors said that the epidemic has cost British companies over $ 30 billion and they expect the losingss to duplicate if the epidemic tallies through July. Smaller concerns have lost an norm of $ 75,000 and larger 1s lost an norm of $ 300,000. The National Farmers Union has estimated that husbandmans were losing $ 360 million a month. ( Leeman 2 ) On April 26, cowss and a flock of 30 sheep that did non hold pes and oral cavity were slaughtered on a 35-acre farm in Devon, England. The following Monday, when functionaries came to clean up and disinfect the evidences of the farm, they discovered a babe calf. The babe calf was found under the dead organic structure of its female parent. The hebdomad old calf, named Phoenix, by the husbandmans who rescued it, was due to be put down that twenty-four hours. The calf, born on Friday, April 13, was inspected by Ministry vets. They arrived shortly after the proprietors called to inform them that they were traveling to necessitate a tribunal order before they put her through the anguish once more. When word of this reached the populace, Phoenix received front-page coverage. The Charolais calf was hailed by the newspapers and farming leaders as a symbol of hope in the nine-week epidemic that has ravaged Britain s agriculture and rural touristry industries and led to the slaughter of 2.4 million animate beings. A spokesman from the Agriculture Minister s office said that the calf was allowed to populate because the authorities was about to signal a major moderation in slaughter policy for some countries. Although Phoenix was likely saved for electoral grounds, animate being lovers, husbandmans, and her proprietors believe that she is a beam of visible radiation for the agriculture industry. In some countries, it was felt, that animate beings were being sentenced to decease on a trifle because a individual widespread field conveying their farm within a specific scope of this annihilating disease. As of April 26, there were 467,000 healthy animate beings slaughtered out of the 2.4 million. Culling will non stop overnight but more flexibleness is being introduced. Now animals on neighbouring farms will be slaughtered merely if they test positive for the disease. Parliament announced that they had expected up to 80 new infected sites a twenty-four hours at this phase of the epidemic. However, new instances are merely averaging 20 positive trials a twenty-four hours. The authorities s head scientist, David King, said that the worst was over and he predicted that the figure of instances would halve every two hebdomads. Mentions AP. Animal Disease Cancels Farm Event. Yahoo intelligence. April 20, 2001. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dailynews.yahoo.com Brown, Paul. Causes and Effectss of a deathly virus. The Guardian. March 5, 2001. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.guardian.co.uk/footandmouth.html PG 2. Garcia, Guillermo X, Rise in Equus caballus larcenies linked to bad beef abroad Animals likely end up on European dinner tabular arraies USA Today. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.usatoday.com Leeman, Sue. British Foot A ; Mouth Said Controlled. Associated Press. April 19, 2001. hypertext transfer protocol: //dailynews.yahoo.com Naedele, Walter F. Fleecing cancelled over illness frights. The Philadelphia Inquirer. hypertext transfer protocol: //inq.philly.com National Farmers Union. Foot and Mouth Disease, your inquiries answered. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nfu.org.uk/info/fmdqorg.asp Pearson, Ryan. UK Fights Tourism Disease Worries. Associated Press. April 17, 2001. hypertext transfer protocol: //dailynews.yahoo.com USDA, Foot and Mouth Disease. Veterinary Services, July 1998. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aphis.usda.gov CNN World News, UK to loosen up foot-and-mouth disease. April 2001. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cnn.com Elliot, Valeria, Decision on usage of vaccinum put off for one hebdomad. April 2001. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thetimes.co.uk/article/0, ,2-117384,00.html The Guardian, Foot and Mouth. April 2001. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.guardian.co.uk/footandmouth/graphic/0,7367,464555,00.html

Nature of Taboo Words

There are billions of people living on Earth, who speak more than two hundred different languages. There are languages of different natures, such as analytic or synthetic; in any case, every language is beautiful in its way. It is always pleasant to listen to a native speaker, even if we do not understand what they are saying.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nature of Taboo Words specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From a mouth of a good speaker, the words seem to flow out smoothly, like a flute melody. However, far not all the words have such melodic properties. Some of them people refuse not only to use, but also to hear. Addressing with these words can be treated as a sign of disrespect, while their use by a good-mannered person is unacceptable. These are taboo words. It is a well-known fact that taboo words constitute a group of lexical units, which are undesirable to be used in speech (Jay, 1). However, despite the prohibition of such words, they still exist, function, and, what is most striking, developing in all the languages of the world. This fact obviously points to the controversial nature of taboo words: they were invented by people, and now the same people are trying to vanish them from their languages, and visa versa, while some are trying to avoid taboo words, others are successfully using them. In any case, it should be remembered that society is the only judge, who is to decide, whether a certain word should be referred to as taboo or not. Indeed, one of the main questions about taboo words is: what criterion should be used, while defining, which words are taboo? Obviously, the words are most likely to be considered as taboo, in case they are aimed at humiliation. Admittedly, as a rule, taboo words have a great destructive power; their pronunciation can offend the addressed person, make them feel disgraced or ashamed (McGregor, 27). Taboo words are definitely a tool of an ill- mannered person. However, despite the rather negative nature of taboo words, they are still sometimes resorted to sometimes. Consequently, there have to be some situations, in which the use of taboo words should be justified, or at least explained. Judging from this point of view, we should note, that offence is not the only purpose of taboo words use. Such lexical units are often used in order to emphasize one’s speech, and make it more expressive. In addition, the use of taboo words is proved to be more often observed in people, who are in a state of emotional excitement. Interestingly, not only negative, but also the most positive emotions are sometimes expressed with the help of taboo words (McGinnies, 245). This points to the fact, that taboo words have a very important function in the society, which is serving as a means of expressiveness.Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Due to being useful at a certain level, taboo words still exist in many languages. What is more, they are not likely to disappear. If to think logically, it can be concluded, that taboo words serve as balancing units for the normal language. Indeed, language can only exist in oppositions, and if there are common words, there should be some taboo words. Thus, another function of these lexical units is constituting an opposition to the normed language. In fact, in order to understand the essence of taboo words, it might be useful to analyze the sphere they cover. In case of English language, most of the taboo words are connected to the sphere of sexual intercourse. In other languages, for example Russian, such character of taboo lexicon is also present. However, some of the Russian taboo words originated from Slavic languages, where taboo words were made synthetically, and were used as spells. Logically, those words were to be used very carefully, and they were usually addressed to the most evil enemies. Surprisingly, in French language taboo words are mostly those, which name church attributes (Struck, 1). As it can be seen from these examples, taboo words cover various spheres of life. It may seem hard to establish connection between all the facts, mentioned above. However, there is one feature, which connects sexual intercourse, magic spells, and church attributes. This feature is their secrecy. Indeed, sexual intercourse is an ultimately personal issue, and in our subconsciousness we know that everything connected to it should not be revealed. Similarly, religious rituals are very intimate, and sacral relationships between a human and God should be kept in secret. Therefore, the conclusion to be made is that taboo words usually refer to a sphere of life, which people prefer not to speak about; these spheres are very private, and this determines the nature of taboo words. As a consequence, using taboo words means revealing something secret, showing the bold truth. Furthermore, in taboo words this truth is often used with some rude or negative connotation. All these factors suggest that the first natural reaction to such words is shame. This is the reason why taboo words are most often used by teenagers in communication with their peers, where the feeling of shame is considerably diminished (Stenstrà ¶m, 116). However, despite the often negative meaning of taboo words, some of them are not totally taboo, so to say. Indeed, some taboo words in the linguistic environment can be used with other lexical units, and as a result, they lose their taboo character. One of the examples of such phenomenon is the word â€Å"pussycat†, from which, in case of its division into morphemes, one can derive a very rude taboo word.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nature of Taboo Words specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, taboo words, as any other words, can have multip le meanings, which suggests that their use in different situations is not only desired, but needed. As an example, the word â€Å"bitch† in English has a range of meanings, primary of which is a female animal. Thus, in zoology this word is normal, while in common conversation with people this word can be considered as taboo. Having analyzed the meaning and nature of taboo words, we can now explain the existence of such words. It became obvious that secret thoughts, notions, and actions need to be named; even if people are forbidden to pronounce some things, there still exist names for them. Indeed, deeply believing people prefer not to pronounce the word â€Å"devil† aloud, but they still know this word, and what notion it describes. A similar attitude society has towards taboo words. Even in case these words are not often used, people still need them. Moreover, taboo words reveal one significant feature about society. Their existence proves that the society has a sens e of limits both in their culture and in their language. The sense of shame, which is a very important quality, is also indicated through the taboo words in language. However, the modern world, in which the sense of shame is rejected, suggests that the use of taboo words is normal. Some words, which used to be taboo less than half a century ago (such as the word â€Å"sex†), now have moved into the category of normed lexicon. However, with the progress of life new taboo words appear, as far as it has been proved that society needs them. All in all, it can be stated that the nature of taboo words is rather controversial. Their occurrence, use, together with prohibition are estimated by the society, which both needs and rejects them. Taboo words denote secret spheres of human life, which intensifies their unallowable character. Works Cited Jay, Timothy. â€Å"The Utility and Ubiquity of Taboo Words†. Perspectives on Psychological science. May 2009. 15 May 2010. https://j ournals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01115.x McGinnies, Edward. â€Å"Emotionality in perceptual defense†. Psychological Reviews 56 (1989): 244-251.Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More McGregor, William. Linguistics: An Introduction. NY: Continuum, 2009. Stenstrà ¶m, Anna-Brita. â€Å"Taboo words in teenage talk: London and Madrid girls’ conversations compared†. Spanish in context 3.1 (2006): 115-138. Struck, Doug. â€Å"Holy cow! In French-speaking Canada, the sacred is also profane† Chicago Tribune. Dec. 2006. 15 May 2010. https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2006-12-14-0612130414-story.html This essay on Nature of Taboo Words was written and submitted by user Coleman Bradley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.